What he distrusted most about music was its wordlessness; he considered it helpful for enjoyment however negligible within the service of tradition. John Calvin (1509–64) took a more cautious and fearful view of music than did Luther, warning against voluptuous, effeminate, or disorderly music and insisting upon the supremacy of the textual content. But the uses he envisioned for music, regardless of his improvements, had been in the mainstream of custom; Luther insisted that music must be easy, direct, accessible, an help to piety. His task of explicit qualities to a given mode is paying homage to Plato and Confucius. St. Thomas Aquinas (c. 1225–74), held the idea of music to be mathematical; music displays celestial movement and order. Sextus Empiricus, who said that music was an art of tones and rhythms solely that meant nothing outdoors itself.
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